COPD is a long-term lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. It usually includes two main conditions:
1 .Chronic bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the airways causing cough and mucus.
2 .Emphysema – damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, reducing oxygen flow.
Key features
Progressive (worsens over time) Causes airflow blockage Mostly linked to smoking, but can also occur in non-smokers
Common symptoms
Shortness of breath (especially during activities) Persistent cough Excess mucus (phlegm) Wheezing Frequent chest infections
Common causes
Smoking (primary cause) Long-term exposure to air pollution, dust, or chemicals Genetic conditions (rare), like Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Is it treatable?
COPD cannot be fully cured, but: Symptoms can be managed Lung function decline can be slowed Quality of life can be improved Treatment includes inhalers, medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, lifestyle changes, and avoiding smoking.
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