Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here are some key points about the disease:
Transmission
- Blood and Body Fluids: The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other body fluids.
- Common Modes: This includes sharing needles, unprotected sex, and from mother to child during childbirth.
Symptoms
- Acute Phase: Initially, some people may experience symptoms like fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
- Chronic Phase: If the infection persists for more than six months, it can become chronic, potentially leading to liver damage, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
Diagnosis
- Blood Tests: These can detect the presence of the virus, determine if the infection is acute or chronic, and evaluate the liver’s function.
- Liver Biopsy: In some cases, a liver biopsy may be done to assess liver damage.
Prevention
- Vaccination: The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective and is recommended for all infants, unvaccinated adults at risk, and healthcare workers.
- Safe Practices: Avoiding sharing needles, ensuring safe sex practices, and screening blood donations are critical preventive measures.
Treatment
- Acute Hepatitis B: Often, acute cases do not require specific treatment other than supportive care.
- Chronic Hepatitis B: Antiviral medications can help manage the infection and reduce the risk of liver complications. Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is essential.
Complications
- Liver Disease: Chronic hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer).
Global Impact
- Prevalence: Hepatitis B is a major global health problem, with significant numbers of people worldwide living with chronic HBV infection.
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