Dr. Sreeram Prasad A V Senior Consultant – Neurology Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement control. It primarily impacts dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain. Here are key aspects of Parkinson’s disease: Symptoms Motor Symptoms: Tremor: Shaking, usually starting in the hands or fingers. Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement. Muscle rigidity: Stiffness in the limbs or trunk. Postural instability: Impaired balance and coordination. Non-Motor Symptoms: Cognitive changes: Memory problems, difficulty concentrating. Mood disorders: Depression, anxiety. Sleep disturbances: Insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder. Autonomic dysfunction: Problems with blood pressure regulation, bowel, and bladder function. Causes and Risk Factors Genetics: Certain gene mutations are linked to Parkinson’s. Environmental Factors: Exposure to toxins like pesticides may increase risk. Age: Risk increases with age, most common in people over 60. Sex: Men are more likely to develop Parkinson’s than women. Diagnosis Clinical Evaluation: Diagnosis is primarily based on medical history and neurological examination. Imaging: MRI or DaTscan may be used to rule out other conditions. Response to Medication: Improvement with Parkinson’s medications can support the diagnosis. Treatment Medications: Levodopa/Carbidopa: Most effective treatment, replenishes dopamine. Dopamine agonists: Mimic dopamine effects in the brain. MAO-B inhibitors: Help prevent breakdown of brain dopamine. COMT inhibitors: Prolong the effect of Levodopa.
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