Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. It is characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The main symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum (mucus) production. COPD is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. Other causes can include environmental factors and genetics.
COPD encompasses two main conditions:
- Chronic Bronchitis: Characterized by inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. It results in a persistent cough and mucus production.
- Emphysema: Involves the destruction of the alveoli, the small air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. This destruction reduces the surface area available for gas exchange and leads to difficulty breathing.
Common risk factors for COPD include:
- Smoking (the leading cause)
- Long-term exposure to air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust
- A history of respiratory infections during childhood
- Genetic factors, such as a deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin, a protein that protects the lungs
Treatment for COPD focuses on relieving symptoms, improving quality of life, and slowing the progression of the disease. Common treatments include:
- Medications: Bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics (when infections are present)
- Oxygen Therapy: To maintain adequate oxygen levels
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A program that includes exercise training, nutritional advice, and education
- Lifestyle Changes: Quitting smoking and avoiding lung irritants
- Surgery: In severe cases, procedures like lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplants may be considered
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